causes of obesity in canada

If you consume high amounts of energy, particularly fat and sugars, but do not burn off the energy through exercise and physical activity, much of the surplus energy will be stored by the body as fat. Anyone who worries about their weight or struggles with medical conditions that impact it can tell you … Two types of risk factor for overweight and obesity were included in this analysis: Figure 12 shows the PARadj of obesity associated with each of the six social determinant and four health behaviour risk factors. As well, a study of middle-school-aged children found that a greater frequency of family dinners was associated with less soft drink consumption, more frequent breakfast eating, less concern over high body weight and higher self-efficacy for healthy eating at home and during social times with friends.Footnote 75, More broadly, food insecurity (defined as an income-related problem in accessing food)Footnote 76 during the preschool years has been found to increase the likelihood of overweight later in childhood.Footnote 77 However, a relationship between food insecurity and overweight or obesity has not been shown among adult men, and findings have been inconsistent for adult women.Footnote 76. Analyses of the 2007/08 CCHS suggest that the relation between income and obesity varies by sex (analysis not shown here). Indigenous populations in Canada are heavily affected by the burden of obesity, and certain communities, such as First Nations on reserve, are not included in the sampling framework of large national health surveys. Obesity is a chronic health condition associated with having excess body fat and is a leading cause of serious conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, arthritis and cancer. Obesity increases the risk of many serious health problems. They include not only individual choices (what to eat and whether to be active) but also environmental and social determinants that shape people’s ability to make healthier choices. Content cannot be reproduced without written permission. This is because risk factors often cluster and influence one another, particularly in complex health issues such as obesity. This is because your body tries to “defend” its fat stores to maintain your highest weight (this is what researchers call “starvation response”). Obesity should be defined by a person's health - not just their weight, says a new Canadian clinical guideline. For this analysis, three categories of excess weight were analyzed separately for men and women: overweight I (BMI = 25.0-27.4 kg/m2), overweight II (BMI = 27.5-29.9 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2). You probably didn’t need me to tell you that. Source: R. Hawes and P. Stewart, unpublished manuscript prepared for the Public Health Agency of Canada; based on analysis of pooled 2000/01, 2003 and 2005 Canadian Community Health Surveys, Statistics Canada. Distal or indirect factors, such as income, rural residence and minority status, continue to affect male and female obesity even after controlling for more proximal, or direct, health behaviours such as inactivity. According to the 2009 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth by Active Healthy Kids Canada, only 19% of children and youth are currently meeting the guideline of less than two hours per day of screen time.Footnote 64 Screen time for both adultsFootnote 65 and childrenFootnote 66 is influenced by a number of demographic and socioeconomic factors, including age, sex, education, household income and urban vs. rural residency. Such an interpretation, which can help to inform decisions in public health settings about the modifiable risk factors on which to focus limited resources and efforts, is inappropriate when considering non-modifiable risk factors (e.g., immigrant status, urban vs. rural residence). Our understanding of the underlying factors that contribute to obesity is often incomplete, spread out between different … While short-term “quick-fix” solutions can sound appealing, they are usually temporary and are therefore linked to high rates of weight regain. There is considerable evidence of an inverse relation between the prevalence of obesity and leisure-time physical activity (LTPA).Footnote 12 Footnote 46 Footnote 51 Energy expended during non-exercise activity (known as "non-exercise activity thermogenesis" [NEAT])Footnote 52 Footnote 53 includes activities of daily living, occupational or work-related activity, active commuting and incidental movement. the effects of biological or genetic influences and pre- and post-natal factors, including birth weight and breastfeeding; how factors might differ for different populations, cultures and ethnic groups; the contribution of incidental, life-style-embedded and occupational activities, as well as sedentary behaviours, to physical activity and the risk of obesity; and. The Canadian Obesity Network was launched as a not-for-profit organization in March 2006 at McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario with funding from the Networks of Centres of Excellence of Canada. Similarly, eliminating the consumption of a poor-quality diet, as measured by low fruit and vegetable consumption, may result in 265,000 fewer men and 97,000 fewer women being obese. A review article published in Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism emphasizes that early childhood obesity … Evidence is still emerging, but it has been suggested that the relation between physical activity and health outcomes such as obesity may be moderated by a number of lifestyle factors, including NEAT activities, sedentary behaviours and sleep.Footnote 53, For the most part, physical activity studies in Canada have tended to focus on LTPA.Footnote 54 Many of these studies have relied on self-reported data that may be susceptible to respondent and response bias.Footnote 55 Systematic reviews have suggested that indirect (e.g., questionnaire or diary) and direct (e.g., accelerometry) measures may produce differing estimates of physical activity in adults,Footnote 56 and children and youth.Footnote 57, Available data show that many Canadians get less than the daily recommended amount of physical activity for their age group. The OECD has suggested that, in addition to an obesity epidemic, "there is also a less visible, but no less important, epidemic of 'lack of cardio-respiratory fitness'. According to the World Health Organization, obesity is a major public health issue that requires immediate action. Many organizations including Obesity Canada, the Canadian Medical Association, the American Medical Association, and the World Health Organization consider obesity to be a chronic disease. Obesity Canada. Although declining over time, the results show that there exists income-related inequality in obesity risk in Canada. Lau MD PhD, Michael Vallis PhD RPsych, Arya M. Sharma MD PhD, Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 24 January 2012 Ottawa, Ontario –To fully understand the causes of the obesity epidemic in Aboriginal children requires an understanding of the unique social and historical factors that shape the Aboriginal community. In most CMAs, obesity was more prevalent in the most socioeconomically deprived areas than in the least deprived (Figure 11). 2-126 Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research InnovationUniversity of Alberta Edmonton, AB T6G2E1. It is calculated by multiplying the relative risk (RR) of the disease associated with that risk factor by the proportion of the population exposed to the risk factor. Figure 9: Prevalence of Self-Reported Obesity among Aboriginal Peoples by Sex and Income, Ages 18 and Older, 2006. Obesity is generally caused by eating too much and moving too little. Along with physical (in)activity, diet is the most well-studied behavioural factor influencing body weight and overweight and obesity risk. But genetic and hormonal factors might play a role as well. Treating health problems caused … An estimated 405,000 cases of male obesity and 646,000 cases of female obesity could potentially be altered or averted if inactive populations became active. Analyses such as the multifactorial research summarized in this chapter are providing new insights into the complex ways in which factors interact and contribute to obesity. Figure 14 shows the population impact number (PIN) of self-reported adult overweight and obesity among females in body mass index (BMI) categories, by risk factor.  For the Female overweight I BMI category, the PIN associated with: immigrant status (37,413); visible minority status (data not available); lowest income quintile (113,847); highest income quintile (-61,184); rural residence (42,379); single status (-198,253); low physical activity (228,004); being a smoker (-87,665); low fruit and vegetable consumption (19,994); and high alcohol consumption (-35,869).  For the Female overweight II BMI category, the PIN associated with: immigrant status (12,406); visible minority status (-186,001); lowest income quintile (158,099); highest income quintile (-84,753); rural residence (65,553); single status (-227,353); low physical activity (352,899); being a smoker (-85,585); low fruit and vegetable consumption (29,718); and high alcohol consumption (-67,690).  For the Female obese BMI category, the PIN associated with: immigrant status (-66,658); visible minority status (-284,847); lowest income quintile (119,199); highest income quintile (-153,608); rural residence (55,717); single status (-21,428); low physical activity (645,940); being a smoker (-138,075); low fruit and vegetable consumption (97,336); and high alcohol consumption (-140,011). Obesity is at epidemic levels around the world in both children and adults. Representative: Dawn Hatanaka Email: hatanaka@obesitynetwork.ca. This inverse trend between income and obesity for females and lack of an apparent pattern for males has also been observed among Aboriginal peoples (Figure 9). Learn everything from how it's defined to causes to treatment. For example, PARs are non-additive, so individual PAR values for several risk factors cannot be summed together to derive an estimate of “total attributable risk” for the disease or condition of interest. Figure 10 shows the prevalence of self-reported adult obesity among Aboriginal males and females by level of educational attainment.  Among males, some high school (25.3%); high school (25.5%); college/trade diploma (28.3%); and university (21.4%).  Among females: some high school (27.2%); high school (25.6%); college/trade diploma (25.2%); and university (17.5%). Support Obesity Canada! Social determinants: immigrant and visible minority status, household income (low, middle or high), urban vs. rural residence, and marital status; and. Jordan: Canada has an obesity problem. Adjusted Population Attributable Risk and Population Impact Number, Adjusted Population Attributable Risk (PARadj). Among females, as income increases obesity tends to decrease, a pattern not observed for males. Education is a big step towards bringing about a change in attitudes and behaviours. What Causes Obesity in Children? All these factors play a role in determining a person's weight. Three drugs have been approved for obesity treatment in Canada, but none are covered by public drug benefit plans. URL: https://obesitycanada.ca/ Address: 1-116 Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada… However, this effect was almost eliminated after education had been taken into account, suggesting that, for women, the relation between occupational prestige and BMI is largely attributable to education.Footnote 78, Analyses have shown that indicators of area- or neighbourhood-level SES are correlated with obesity in adults,Footnote 79 and children and youth.Footnote 70 Footnote 80 Footnote 81 New analysis of data from the 2005, 2007 and 2008 CCHS looked at disparities in obesity by SES in Canada’s Census Metropolitan Areas (CMAs). In addition, the treatment for the obesity is dependent upon the reason. These figures also point to the importance of gender as a mediating factor. But the analysis also found that LTPA was more strongly associated with obesity among women than it was among men (other types of physical activity were not included in this analysis). The focus of the medical community in Canada is mainly to treat complications arising from obesity. Education is another key dimension of socioeconomic status (SES). The findings, however, suggest that obesity is more prevalent among economically disadvantaged women. The equivalent of 405,000 cases of male obesity and 646,000 cases of female obesity could be averted if all individuals in the population attained high levels of physical activity, as measured in this study; this is consistent with the large PARadj values for low physical activity shown in Figure 12. Obesity is a chronic and often progressive disease, similar to diabetes or high blood pressure. Obesity affects more people than you may think. Figure 13: Population Impact Number of Self-Reported Overweight and Obesity Among Males, by Risk Factor and Body Mass Index Category, Ages 18 Years and Older, Canada. The fundamental cause of obesity and overweight is an energy imbalance between calories consumed and calories expended. A PIN is a measure of the number of cases of a certain disease or condition in a population that may be attributed to a given risk factor, after controlling for other factors, and reflects the potential reduction in the number of people in that population with the disease if that risk factor were entirely eliminated. Also, the findings suggest that shifting the risk profile of low-income people to that of high-income people could result in about 114,000 fewer women in the population being classified as overweight I, 158,000 fewer women as overweight II and 119,000 fewer women as obese, but may not be associated with changes in overweight or obesity among men. Although much of the available evidence is limited to correlational findings, overall, the balance of the data underscores the importance of healthy eating patterns and access to healthy food as key factors associated with obesity at a population level. Graham and Wong, 2014, states that more than half of the Canadian population is considered obese and “levels of childhood obesity are expected to lead to the first decrease in life expectancy in over 200 years”. It would be more prudent to target the causes of obesity instead. Obesity in Canada: Overstated Problems, Misguided Policy Solutions / v fraserinstitute.org In total, a review of the facts about the prevalence of obesity, the risks associated with obesity, and the efficacy of commonly proposed policy inter-ventions suggests a very different truth about obesity. Weight management is never about how much weight you can lose or how fast you can lose it – all that matters for your overall health and well-being is how much weight you can keep off while still living a life that you can enjoy. Source: Analysis of the Aboriginal Peoples Survey 2006 Public Use File, Statistics Canada. Figure 11 shows the prevalence of self-reported obesity by area-level socioeconomic status (SES; high versus low) in selected census metropolitan areas in 2005-2008: St. John’s, NL (15.8% in high-SES areas versus 23.1% in low-SES areas); Halifax, NS (11.2% versus 25.5%); Québec, QC (8.9% versus 12.4%); Montreal, QC (10.3% versus 15.8%); Ottawa-Gatineau, ON/QC (10.1% versus 15.5%); Toronto, ON (11.3% versus 13.9%); Winnipeg, MB (11.7% versus 16.5%); Regina, SK (14.0% versus 26.0%); Calgary, AB (8.3% versus 16.5%); Edmonton, AB (16.2% versus 17.8%); Vancouver, BC (8.0% versus 8.3%); and Victoria, BC (10.2% versus 14.1%). For example, recent research has found that changes in digestive hormones can affect the signals that let you know you're full. It also advises doctors to … Obesity is a complex phenomenon with a wide range of genetic, lifestyle, social, cultural and environmental factors contributing to variations in its prevalence. This suggests that a) social factors may have a measurable and direct effect on overweight and obesity, and/or b) contextual factors affect overweight and obesity through other, more proximal, determinants not investigated in the CCHS. While there still may be too many expanded Canadian waist lines, the number appears to have … For enquiries, contact us. Footnote 48–49 Footnote 50 Aboriginal populations have … Obesity is a complex phenomenon that involves a wide and interactive range of biological, behavioural and societal factors.Footnote 43-46 While genetics play a role, genes do not operate in a vacuum; behaviours and social, cultural and physical environments also make important contributions.Footnote 47. Our Network Our Members Obesity Canada. In the past, many people thought that obesity was simply caused by overeating and under-exercising, resulting from a lack of will power and self-control. A team from the Swansea University Medical School in the U.K. suggests the increase in idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is linked to obesity and poverty. This is why when you go on a diet or begin exercising, weight loss becomes progressively more difficult and the weight will come back as soon as you stop or reduce your efforts at keeping it off. Although adult obesity in Canada has been relatively steady since 2004, the percentage of adults who are obese today is twice as high as it was in 1978 1979, from 13.8%1 to 28.2%. Tel: + 780 492 8361 Fax: + 780 492 9414. In general, where causality is known, these measures can be seen as reflecting the extent of the population burden of a disease or condition (e.g., obesity) that could be theoretically “eliminated” if all individuals in the exposed/target group (e.g., low physical activity) were converted to the non-exposed/referent group (“adequate” physical activity). Among men, after adjusting for age, income and education, no linear associations between occupational prestige and overweight were found. Read the CMA’s brief on the causes and consequences of obesity in Canada, with recommendations for addressing them. For additional details about the methodology and descriptive estimates of the risk factors, see Appendix 3. Note: * Significantly different from High SES estimate at p<0.05. A generally inverse pattern between education level and obesity prevalence was observed for both men and women in the total Canadian population aged 25 and older (analysis not shown here). Population Impact Number of Self-Reported Overweight and Obesity Among Females by Risk Factor and Body Mass Index Category, Ages 18 Years and Older, Canada. After adjustment for other factors including age, income, rural residence, and alcohol and cigarette use, low levels of LTPA emerged as having the strongest association with obesity at the population level for both men and women. The association between income and obesity appears to be sex-specific, with an inverse association observed for females in the total population as well as Aboriginal populations but no clear pattern for males. Figure 14. Lifestyle issues — too little activity and too many calories from food and drinks — are the main contributors to childhood obesity. 1.5 million Canadians are severely obese and have health complications ranging from high blood pressure to diabetes to heart disease. The goal of surgery is to cause significant weight loss. This is concerning since obesity is a known risk factor for chronic diseases like diabetes or hypertension. Research suggests that, to be relevant to health in Aboriginal populations, frameworks of health determinants need to address the specificity of the experiences of those populations. The condition, which causes increased pressure in the fluid surrounding the … Founded in … However, the more pathologically distal factors, such as income, rural residence and minority status, continue to affect male and female overweight and obesity even after controlling for more proximal, or direct, determinants, like the health behaviours analyzed above. Obesity is caused by the complex interplay of multiple genetic, metabolic, behavioural and environmental factors, with the latter thought to be the proximate cause of the substantial GUIDELINE Obesity in adults: a clinical practice guideline Sean Wharton MD, David C.W. Although these are significant contributing factors, doctors recognize that obesity is a complex medical problem that involves genetic, environmental, behavioural, and social factors. Finally, obese people could be affected by some diseases such as diabetes, high blood pressure, cancer, arthritis, reproductive disorders and others (Graham & Wong, … This section discusses current evidence and analysis for a range of behavioural and contextual factors associated with obesity in Canada. .fusion-accordian #accordion-1026-1 .panel-title a .fa-fusion-box{ color: #ffffff;}.fusion-accordian #accordion-1026-1 .panel-title a .fa-fusion-box:before{ font-size: 13px; width: 13px;}. (C) 2020 Obesity Canada. In Canada, more than 10 million adults (34 per cent of those over 18 years) will live with obesity in eight years. Italy also recognizes obesity as a chronic disease. However, there is still much to learn, for example: In the future, further refinement and use of techniques incorporating multiple risk factors (such as PARadj and PIN) may be helpful in gaining insights into the distribution of obesity, as well as indicating opportunities for health promotion and prevention. Obesity in Canada: Causes, Consequences and the Way Forward Canadian Medical Association: Submission to the Senate Standing Committee on Social Affairs, Science and Technology June 2, 2015 Helping physicians care for patients Aider les médecins à prendre soin des patients. Even with the same diet or the same amount of exercise, people will vary widely in the amount of body fat or weight at which their bodies settle. “At the provincial level, what we see are those populations living in more remote and rural areas have higher rates of obesity and overweight,” says Gilliland, director of urban development at Western University. But the reality is that obesity is a complex illness caused by a number of different factors, including your environment, genes, emotional health, lack of sleep, medical problems or even some medications you may be on. "Footnote 20 The Canadian Physical Activity Levels Among Youth (CAN PLAY) study estimated that during the 2007-2009 period, 88% of children and youth aged 5 to 19 did not meet the guidelines of Canada's Physical Activity Guide.Footnote 58 In the 2007/08 CCHS, only half (51%) of Canadians aged 12 and over were active or moderately active (analysis not shown here). Population attributable risks (PARs) and population impact numbers (PINs) are useful measures for communicating characteristics of factors that may be associated with the prevalence of a disease or condition at a population level. These estimates are theoretical and intended to illustrate in clear population terms the potential magnitude of change to overweight and obesity arising from various behavioural and social factors. 2 The Canadian Medical Association (CMA) is the national voice of Canadian physicians. Being sedentary is often confused with physical inactivity, but the relation between the two is still unclear.Footnote 59 As with physical activity, sedentary behaviour can be measured directly or indirectly, and conducting research can be methodologically challenging.Footnote 60, A high level of screen time is associated with a greater likelihood of being obese for Canadian adultsFootnote 61 and children.Footnote 26 Footnote 62 One study found that overweight and non-overweight boys and girls in Canada did not differ significantly by reported physical activity patterns but did differ by screen time, in that overweight groups were more likely to spend two hours or more in front of a screen daily.Footnote 63. This should reduce obesity-related health problems, including type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure. Figure 13 shows the population impact number (PIN) of self-reported adult overweight and obesity among males in different body mass index (BMI) categories, by risk factor.  For the Male overweight I BMI category, the PIN associated with: immigrant status (-6,525); visible minority status (-184,989); lowest income quintile (-100,428); highest income quintile (35,002); rural residence (43,716); single status (-387,945); low physical activity (-47,948); being a smoker (-246,837); low fruit and vegetable consumption (109,430); and high alcohol consumption (84,254).  For the Male overweight II BMI category, the PIN associated with: immigrant status (-7,881); visible minority status (-276,892); lowest income quintile (-108,106); highest income quintile (11,137); rural residence (61,068); single status (-474,305); low physical activity (-5,090); being a smoker (-317,101); low fruit and vegetable consumption (190,327); and high alcohol consumption (105,402).  For the Male obese BMI category, the PIN associated with: immigrant status (-181,730); visible minority status (-345,072); lowest income quintile (-16,581); highest income quintile (-21,109); rural residence (53,005); single status (-365,423); low physical activity (404,701); being a smoker (-351,416); low fruit and vegetable consumption (265,188); and high alcohol consumption (6,594). 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